Pips Unrealistic Expectations in Dickens Great Expectations - Literature Essay Samples

One of the most important and common tools that authors use to illustrate the themes of their works is a character that undergoes several major changes throughout the story. In Great Expectations, Charles Dickens introduces the reader to many intriguing and memorable characters, including the eccentric recluse, Miss Havisham, the shrewd and careful lawyer, Mr. Jaggers, and the benevolent convict, Abel Magwitch. However, without a doubt, Great Expectations is the story of Pip and his initial dreams and resulting disappointments that eventually lead to him becoming a genuinely good man. The significant changes that Pips character goes through are very important to one of the novels many themes. Dickens uses Pips deterioration from an innocent boy into an arrogant gentleman and his redemption as a good-natured person to illustrate the idea that unrealistic hopes and expectations can lead to undesirable traits.In the beginning of the novel, Pip is characterized as a harmless, caring boy, who draws much sympathy from the reader even though he is at that point content with his common life. The reader most likely develops warm and sympathetic feelings toward Pip after only the first two pages of the novel, which introduce the fact that Pips parents are dead and buried and that the orphan has never seen any likeness of either of them (Charles Dickens, Great Expectations, New York, Penguin Putnam, Inc., 1998, p. 1). Pips confrontation with the convict presents his harmless, innocent nature. As Magwitch first seizes the young boy, Pip simply responds, Oh! Dont cut my throat, sir, Ãâ€" Pray dont do it sir (p. 2). Then, Pip is forced into submitting to the convicts demands, mainly due to his naive fear of Magwitchs fictitious companion who has a secret way pecooliar to himself of getting at a boy, and at his heart, and at his liver (p. 4). Even though he aids the convict, the readers sympathy for Pip soon increases, as his robbery of his own home weighs greatly on his conscience. For example, when Mrs. Joe leaves the Sunday dinner to retrieve the savoury pork pie, which Magwitch had enjoyed heartily, Pip is tortured by the thought of his actions, while his mind screams, Must they! Let them not hope to taste it! (p. 27). He seems to sincerely regret his actions and the fact that he had been too cowardly to avoid doing what I knew to be wrong (p. 40). Approximately one year after his encounter with the convict, Pip is still shown to be an innocent, caring boy. One night, when Pip and Joe are alone at the forge, Joe explains his various reasons for enduring Mrs. Joes constant abuse. After their conversation, Pip realizes that he cares deeply for Joe and appreciates everything that the blacksmith does for him. Also, he develops a new admiration of Joe from that night and a new sensation of feeling conscious that I was looking up to Joe in my heart (p. 48). Unfortunately, as Pip develops unrealistic hopes and expectations for his life, these positive characteristics are replaced by undesirable ones.The expectations that cause Pips character to become less likable are those that he develops after being introduced to Miss Havisham and Estella. During his first visit to the Satis House, Estella, who considers herself much too refined and well-bred to associate with a common boy, scorns Pip. On the other hand, Pip seems to fall in love with Estella during that first meeting. He even admits to Miss Havisham that he thinks her adopted daughter is not only very proud and very insulting, but also very pretty and that he should like to see her again (p. 59). After just one afternoon at the Satis House, Pip develops a desire to become more acceptable to Estella, in hopes that her callous attitude toward him would change. As a result, while walking back to the forge, Pip begins to feel ashamed of his life. His mind is filled with regretful thoughts such as that I was a common labouring-boy; that my hands were coarse; t hat my boots were thick; and generally that I was in a low-lived bad way (p. 63). Pip realizes that his personality and outlook on his life is changing as he states, That was a memorable day to me, for it made great changes in me (p.70).When his visits to the Satis House cease and he is apprenticed to Joe, Pip becomes even more deeply ashamed of his position in society because he believes that it will ruin his hopes of Estella loving him. He constantly worries that Estella will see him at the unlucky hour when he is at his grimiest and commonest (p.107), but he endures his shame with an irrational hope, that perhaps Miss Havisham was going to make my fortune when my time was out (p. 133). Then, when Mr. Jaggers informs Pip of the great expectations that have been placed on him, Pip thinks, without a doubt, Miss Havisham was going to make my fortune on a grand scale (p.139). Also, he begins to believe that Miss Havisham has destined him to be married to Estella. Almost immediate ly, Pips ego grows tremendously, and he becomes arrogant as he looks down on his common, yet caring and loyal friends. For example, in a private conversation with Biddy, Pip tells his good friend that Joe is rather backward in some things. For instance in his learning and his manners (p. 149). In addition, when Pip is finally ready to depart for London, he tells Joe that he wished to walk away all alone because he privately fears the contrast there would be between me and Joe (p. 159).As the arrogant and ungrateful Pip continues to believe that Miss Havisham has chosen him to be the recipient of her money and, hopefully, of Estellas hand in marriage, he also continues to be ashamed of and look down on his past life. On one occasion, Pip receives word that Joe will be visiting London and would like to see him. However, Pip is not at all overjoyed to receive this news. In fact, he looks forward to Joes visit with considerable disturbance, some mortification, and a keen sense of incongruity, and he states that he certainly would have paid money in order to keep Joe away (p.217). Pip is distraught over the prospect of others, especially Bentley Drummle, seeing him with the common blacksmith. After Joes departure, Pip decides that he should return to the forge, but the next day, he resolves to stay at the Blue Boar Inn, rather than at his old home. His snobbish reasoning is simply, I should be an inconvenience at Joes; I was not expected, and my bed would not be ready (p. 225). Then, Pip is so concerned with gaining Estellas favor that he visits Miss Havishams home and returns to London while never stopping at the forge.The negative attitudes and traits that Pip develops as a result of his unrealistic expectations are portrayed in ways other than his view of his past life. In London, while living as a gentleman, Pip has trouble managing his new way of life. Both he and Herbert went on from bad to worse, in the way of increasing our debts, looking into o ur affairs, leaving margins, and the like exemplary transactions (p. 287). Also, during a dinner with other gentlemen, Pip has an irrational confrontation with his nemesis, Drummle. After Drummle proposes a toast to Estella, who has allowed the Spider to attach himself to her, Pip loses control of his emotions and accuses him of lying. Drummle is then able to provide proof that he has danced with Estella on several occasions, and Pip is forced to apologize for his outrageous actions. However, he and Drummle sit snorting at one another for an hour because Pip can not endure the thought of her stooping to that hound (p. 310). For many years, Pip had believed that he and Estella were destined to be married, but now his hopes and expectations are just beginning to fade.When Pip finally learns that Abel Magwitch, not Miss Havisham, is his benefactor, his unrealistic expectations cease and his genuinely good nature begins to overcome the negative traits that he had developed. Also, he realizes that he was at fault for his nonrealistic hopes. During a visit to the Satis House, Pip is able to hold no harsh feelings toward Miss Havisham for the misfortunes of his life. He refuses her offer to financially compensate him for his unhappy life, and instead, he requests that she provide aid to Herberts business situation. Then, he confesses that he can forgive her, stating, There have been many sore mistakes; and my life has been a blind and thankless one; and I want forgiveness and direction far too much to be bitter with you (p. 400). Later, Pip revisits Miss Havishams room to check on her and finds that she had been too close to the fire, as her aged garments are ignited in flames. Pip immediately risks his own life to save the old woman. She receives serious burns and nerve damage, but she remains alive. Pip is also seriously burned and states, I was astonished to see that both my hands were burnt, for I had no knowledge of it through the sense of feeling (p. 404).Pips positive characteristics are also evident in his treatment of his benefactor, the convict Magwitch. Initially after the revelation, Pips reaction had been one of shock, disbelief, and even repugnance. However, he realizes and somewhat appreciates that Magwitch had tried to greatly repay him for the practically insignificant favor that Pip had provided for the convict as a child. Over time, Pips hard feelings toward his benefactor fade, and at one point he confesses that Magwitch was softenedà ± indefinably, for I could not have said how, and could never afterwards recall how when I tried, but certainly (p. 379). As he had done while saving Miss Havisham, Pip puts himself through great personal risks and inconveniences to save Magwitch. He is unsuccessful in fleeing the country with Magwitch, but his caring and devotion for the kind convict are unwavering, even though he will not receive any money after Magwitchs death. Every day, Pip visits him in the infirmary in efforts to comfort Magwitch and to make the prisoners last days as peaceful as possible. During one visit, Pip notices, a smile crossed his face then, and he turned his eyes on me with a trustful look, as if he were confident that I had seen some small redeeming touch in him, even so long ago as when I was a little child (p. 461). Pip believes that his visits are somewhat cheering to Magwitch, and he goes to the infirmary every day until the convicts tranquil death which is almost a blessing.Just as Pips feelings toward Magwitch soften, so does his attitude toward his old life after the burden of his expectations is lifted. Soon after Magwitch dies, Pip becomes seriously ill. When he recovers, he learns that Joe had traveled to London to care for him. As he continues to nurse Pip back to good health, Joe remains formal and awkward around Pip, as he had acted while visiting Pip in London several years earlier. On the other hand, Pip begins to feel as if he had never left the for ge. He realizes and appreciates that there was no change whatever in Joe. Exactly what he had been in my eyes then, he was in my eyes still; just as simply faithful, just as simply right (p. 472). When Joe unexpectedly leaves London to return to the forge, Pip follows him as soon as he is physically able. At the forge, Pip no longer shows any feelings of shame or arrogance because he is now content and cheerful in his old surroundings. In fact, he even requests, Now let me go up and look at my old room Ãâ€" And then when I have eaten and drunk with you, go with me as far as the finger post, dear Joe and Biddy, before we say good-bye (p. 484).At the conclusion of Great Expectations, the reader most likely finds Pips fate acceptable and enjoyable. Earlier in his life, he had changed from an innocent, caring boy into an arrogant young man as a result of his nonrealistic hopes and expectations. However, when those expectations come to an end, so do his undesirable traits, as he is shown to be a truly good-natured person. Therefore, it is fitting that, in both of Dickens final episodes, Pip is happy and content with his life.

Video Games And Its Effect On Society Essay - 1380 Words

Since their conception in the late 1950s and their subsequent rise to popularity and the mainstream in the 1970’s, video games in America have been controversial. Currently around 97% of America s children play video games in some form; from home consoles such as Xbox, to personal computers and mobile games on smartphones, even in an educational form, video games are nearly everywhere and bringing in big money. Around $21 billion is being funneled into a domestic video game industry. But what are these kids viewing when playing video games and how does that affect their role in society? A common theme in the top 50 best selling video games has been violence. When you think about how more than the Top 50 video games involve violence, combined with the lack of overall study, unsurprising that videogames have become it? This Bullet† answer to the cause of violence in children and adolescents. Video games being the blame for mass shootings, bullying violence towards women and general aggression. But is it? This ageing debate started around the time of the release of a controversial game Death Race in 1976. The general purpose of this game was for the player to use the car they were driving in the game to run over screaming trolls, at which point the creatures would turn into gravestones. Concern developed because the creatures looked like people, and apparently the working title of the game was Pedestrian. The debate has over and over again reemerged following majorShow MoreRelatedVideo Games And Its Effects On Society1463 Words   |  6 Pages Movies, video games, music and television shows come in different genres. However, depending on age in regards to youth not just anyone is allowed to: watch certain movies, buy just any video game, listen to any music or watch any tv show. Sometimes they can see certain movies with a parent or guardian. 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Using Games in Teaching Grammar - 6930 Words

PLAN Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...3 Chapter I†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Theoretical aspects of teaching grammar games.......................................................7 1.1. The advantages of using games†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 1.2. The adequacy in using games†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...9 1.3. Learning grammar through games†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.12 Chapter II†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....17 Samples of grammar games†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.17 2.1. Games with prepositions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..17 2.2. Conditionals and wishes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...19 2.3. Relationships between ideas†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.22 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...24 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....25†¦show more content†¦If the game is simply for fun and not linked to educational goals it may not be the best use of your time. It is possible to have a fun game that is educationally sound, however./10, 36/ From Games for Language Learning by Andrew Wright, David Betteridge and Michael Buckby Language learning is hard work. Effort is required at every moment and must be maintained over a long period of time. Games help and encourage many learners to sustain their interest and work. Games also help the teacher to create contexts in which the language is useful and meaningful. The learners want to take part and in order to do so must understand what others are saying or have written, and they must speak or write in order to express their own point of view or give information./12, 74/ According to The Use of Games For Vocabulary Presentation and Revision by Agnieszka Uberman Games encourage, entertain, teach, and promote fluency. If not for any of these reasons, they should be used just because they help students see beauty in a foreign language and not just problems that at times seem overwhelming./1, 16/ From Learning Vocabulary Through Games by Nguyen Thi Thanh Huyen and Khuat Thi Thu Nga Games have been shown to have advantages and effectiveness inShow MoreRelatedPlay Is Our Brain s Favorite Way Of Learning1252 Words   |  6 Pagesis gaming. 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Non Performing loan free essay sample

Non Performing Loans: Comparative Analysis of India and Pakistan Name Department Course Title Course Instructor Date Table of Contents Sr. No Topic Page No. 1. Executive Summary 2 2. Introduction 3 3. Non performing Loans: An Overview 5 3. 1 Definition 5 3. 2 Effects of Non performing loans 6 3. 3 Relationship between NPL and Bank’s profitability 7 4. NPL: India Vs Pakistan 7 4. 1 Background 7 4. 2 Structure and Ownership of banking structure 8 4. 3 Analysis 11 5. Conclusion 12 6. References 13 Table of Tables Graphs Sr. No Topic Page No. 1. Banking structure 8 2. Percentage figures: Table 9 3. Percentage figures: Graph 9 4. Tabular Comparison 10 5. Graphical comparison 10 Pakistan 10 India 11 Pakistan Vs India 11 Executive Summary This project titled Non Performing Loans: Comparative Analysis of India and Pakistan has been carried out in order to study the situation of non performing loans in two emerging economies of South Asia. The project starts with the introduction of financial institutions and move on to the discussion of commercial banks, being the major financial institution. Then the project hints on the concept of non performing loans by briefly documenting the definition, effects and relationship between NPL and profitability of a banking structure. We will write a custom essay sample on Non Performing loan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The last segment of the project deals with the comparative analysis of both the countries. Despite of the fact that both the countries almost enjoy similar type of patterns, it is interesting to note that the figures of non performing loans for India are on a gradual decrease for the last 13 years. The data for the concerned variable is obtained from the reliable source of World data indicators for the last 13 years from 2000 to 2012. The project at the end registers certain important policy implications for Pakistan to improve the existing situation. INTRODUCTION In any economic structure of a country, financial institutions play an utmost important role. In financial economics, a financial institution is an institution that provides financial services for its clients or members. Probably, the most important financial service provided by financial institutions is acting as financial intermediaries. It is important to note that many of the financial institutions are regulated by the government. Strictly categorizing the institutions, there are three main types of financial institutions. These are: Depositary Institutions: Depositary institutions are those institutions which accept deposits and manage them while they are also in the business of advancing loans. These institutions include banks, building societies, credit unions, trust companies, and mortgage loan companies. Contractual Institutions: These are savings institutions that obtain their funds through long-term contractual arrangements and invest these funds on the capital markets. These include insurance companies and pension funds. Investment Institutions: An investment institution is defined as an investment company or an investment fund. These include investment banks, brokerage firms, etc. Commercial banks happen to be the apex of these financial institutions. The pillars of any economy rest on the operations of banking system. Hence, among all the other financial institutions, commercial banks, single handedly; contribute more than half to the economy of any country. Here, it is important to document that what are commercial banks, what role do they perform and what are the factors that significantly affect the profitability of a banking structure. In a simple layman language, commercial banks are the banks that offer services to general public and to companies. However, the term encompasses many ideas and concepts that move far beyond offering services to public and companies. Technically speaking, a commercial bank is an institution that accepts deposits, makes business loans and offer related services. These institutions are governed to make a profit. Commercial banks offer a number of other related services but their main aim is to receive deposits and advance them to businesses. Here, it is important to document the profit mechanism of the banks, that is, how banks earn a profit. Banks accept deposits and make loans and derive a profit from the difference in the interest rates paid and charged to depositors and borrowers respectively. The process performed by banks of taking in funds from a depositor and then lending them out to a borrower is known as financial intermediation. Through the process of financial intermediation, certain assets are transformed into different assets or liabilities. As such, financial intermediaries channel funds from people who have extra money or surplus savings (savers) to those who do not have enough money to carry out a desired activity (borrowers). Banking thrives on the financial intermediation abilities of financial institutions that allow them to lend out money and receiving money on deposit. The bank is the most important financial intermediary in the economy as it connects surplus and deficit economic agents. Perhaps, one of the important indicators that reflect the possible profitability of a banking structure includes the measure of non performing loans. A gigantic figure of non performing loans for any bank indicates poor profitability and vice versa. In order to fully comprehend this relationship between the non performing loans and the profitability of a bank, understanding the concept is utmost important. NON PERFORMING LOANS: AN OVERVIEW There is no global standard to define non-performing loans at the practical level. Variations exist in terms of the classification system, the scope, and contents. Such problem potentially adds to disorder and uncertainty in the NPL issues. DEFINITION A simple definition of non-performing is a loan that is not earning income and: full payment of principal and interest is no longer anticipated principal or interest is 90 days or more delinquent, or the maturity date has passed and payment in full has not been made. According to the Bank for International Settlement (BIS), the standard loan classifications are defined as follows: Passed: Solvent loans; Special Mention: Loans to enterprises which may pose some collection difficulties, for instance, because of continuing business losses; Substandard: Loans whose interest or principal payments are longer than three months in arrears of lending conditions are eased. The banks make 10% provision for the unsecured portion of the loans classified as substandard; Doubtful: Full liquidation of outstanding debts appears doubtful and the accounts suggest that there will be a loss, the exact amount of which cannot be determined as yet. Banks make 50% provision for doubtful loans; Virtual Loss and Loss (Unrecoverable): Outstanding debts are regarded as not collectable, usually loans to firms which applied for legal resolution and protection under bankruptcy laws. Banks make 100% provision for loss loans. Non-performing loans comprise the loans in the latter three categories, and are further differentiated according to the degree of collection difficulties. EFFECTS OF NON PERFORMING LOANS Non-performing loans can lead to efficiency problem for banking sector. It is found by a number of economists that failing banks tend to be located far from the most-efficient frontier. The issue of non-performing loans (NPLs) has gained increasing attentions in the last few decades. The immediate consequence of large amount of NPLs in the banking system is bank failure. Many researches on the cause of bank failures find that asset quality is a statistically significant predictor of insolvency and that failing banking institutions always have high level of non-performing loans prior to failure. It is argued that the non-performing loans are one of the major causes of the economic stagnation problems. Each non-performing loan in the financial sector is viewed as an obverse mirror image of an ailing unprofitable enterprise. From this point of view, the eradication of non-performing loans is a necessary condition to improve the economic status. If the non-performing loans are kept existing and continuously rolled over, the resources are locked up in unprofitable sectors; thus, hindering the economic growth and impairing the economic efficiency. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NON PERFORMING LOANS AND BANK’S PROFITABILITY The profit earned by the commercial banks is the difference between the deposit rate and the lending rate, called the spread. Non performing loans erode a bank’s profitability. The relationship between non performing loans and profitability runs in a unidirectional dimension where the relationship moves from non performing loans to profitability. A bank’s net profits (before adjustment for tax) is obtained by subtracting the amount of disposal of non-performing loans from net business profits, the profits that are attained from core banking business, that is to say, profits from lending and bond transactions minus fund procurement costs and other expenses, adding stock-related profits/losses, realized from stock profits, and other profits/losses. Hence, it is simple to register that more of non performing loans will result in leaving less of profit at the end. Consequently, a huge figure of non performing loans results in sweeping the profitability of a banking sector. CASE STUDY: NPL INDIA VS PAKISTAN This project has been designed to study the situation of non performing loans in two important regions of the South Asian territory that is, Pakistan and India and then assessing the effect of this indicator on the financial health of the two economies. Before proceeding ahead, it is important to have a look at the banking sector paradigm prevailing in this part of the world. BACKGROUND The banking sector in South Asia is dominated by the public sector commercial banks that account for more than 50 % of the total banking assets. As a result, the performance of the public sector commercial banks reflects the overall performance of the banking sector in South Asia, which has been poor when compared to that of private commercial banks and foreign owned commercial banks. There are number of reasons for the poor performance of the public sector commercial banks, some of which include: Poor governance and management; Weak supervision and monitoring mechanisms; Lack of focus; Ineffective human resource management policies; Limited computerization and automation; Excessive politicized Trade Unions. These factors have resulted in weak, inefficient and unproductive public sector commercial banks with large levels of non-performing assets and high operating costs, of which personnel costs alone amounts to about 20-30 % of the total expenditure in public sector commercial banks as compared to about 10-15 % in the private banks and foreign commercial banks. The high operating costs and the large levels of non-performing assets have resulted in increased cost of borrowings thereby constraining investments, economic growth and employment generation. STRUCTURE OWNERSHIP OF BANKING SYSTEM The banking sector in South Asia consists of the Central Bank, Public Sector Commercial Banks, also known as Nationalized Commercial Banks, Private Sector Banks, Foreign Commercial Banks and specialized banks providing mainly agriculture and industrial credits. The public sector banks account for more than 50 % of the total banking assets, in spite of private and foreign commercial banks dominating the market in terms of number of banks. Banking Structure STRUCTURE COUNTRY PAKISTAN INDIA Central Bank State bank of Pakistan Reserve Bank of India Public Commercial Banks 2 27 Private Commercial Banks 13 32 Foreign Commercial Banks 21 42 Percentage Figures India Pakistan Public Sector Banks 72% 54% Private Sector Banks 21% 30. 20% Foreign Banks 7% 15. 80% NPL: Pakistan vs India Below, a comparative analysis of non performing loans has been presented by reviewing the data for the last thirteen years that is from 2000 to 2012. The data have been extracted from the reliable source of World Data Indicators. Tabular Comparison YEARS INDICATOR COUNTRY PAKISTAN INDIA 2000 Bank NPL to TGL1 19. 5 12. 8 2001 Bank NPL to TGL 23. 4 11. 4 2002 Bank NPL to TGL 21. 8 10. 4 2003 Bank NPL to TGL 17 8. 8 2004 Bank NPL to TGL 11. 6 7. 2 2005 Bank NPL to TGL 8. 3 5. 2 2006 Bank NPL to TGL 6. 9 3. 3 2007 Bank NPL to TGL 7. 6 2. 7 2008 Bank NPL to TGL 10. 5 2. 4 2009 Bank NPL to TGL 12. 6 2. 4 2010 Bank NPL to TGL 14. 7 2. 5 2011 Bank NPL to TGL 16. 2 2. 3 2012 Bank NPL to TGL 15. 432 3 Source: World Data Indicators Graphical Comparison Analysis As has already been mentioned in afore said discussion that non performing loans are the loans that the bank is unable to recover. However, there are many reasons that contribute to this lack of recovery system. The most important reason is the inefficient evaluation and monitoring system applied in the banking sector. Comparing India and Pakistan’s statistics of non performing loans, reveals a really interesting picture. This statistic has been on a gradual decrease for India where as the case is reverse for Pakistan. One of the interesting factors that needs to be documented here is fact that although India, has a larger number of publically owned commercial banks as compared to Pakistan but the figure is on a decrease for India, which is a good enough indicative of the reality that India is having a strong collection and recovery mechanism for commercial banking as opposed to Pakistan. Indian banking structure appears to be a good example and role model for Pakistani system where they can capitalize from the improvements made in the former system. Rising non-performing loans are hampering the profitability of Pakistan’s banking sector. Many reasons are causing this alarming rise but, primarily high interest rate, economic slowdown and poor law and order situation in the country are the main factors. Non-payments are increasing in all fields but mostly from the agriculture and government sector. The non-Performing Loans (NPLs) of the Nationalised Commercial Banks (NCBs) have become a major problem because of political interference and directed credits to individuals and companies. Indian banking system has been successful in improving upon certain factors that resulted in speedy recovery in public commercial banks. For example, the banking system moved from inefficient to efficient human resource policies, computerization of banking structure and cutting down the influence of government in lending and recovery of the lended loans. This could act as a sample for the Pakistani banking system to improve the situation at their end. CONCLUSION Non Performing loans are a major determinant of assessing the financial health of any economy, having an inverse relationship with the profitability of the banking structure. As the emerging economies of the South Asian region, India and Pakistan present an interesting case study for the analysis of the situation. It is important for both the countries to take advantage from the strengths of each other’s system, while minimizing on the weaknesses of the others. REFERENCES Beck, R. , Jakubik, P. and Piloiu, A. (2013). ‘Non performing Loans: What matters in addition to economic cycle. ’ Working paper No. 1515, Macro prudential Research Network. Bloem, A. , Gorter, C. (2001). The Treatment of Nonperforming Loans in Macroeconomic Statistics, Issues 2001-2209. New York: International Monetary Fund. Farhan, M. , Sattar, A. (2012). Economic Determinants of Non-Performing Loans: Perception of Pakistani Bankers. European Journal of Business and Management, 4(19), 87-99. International Monetary Fund. (2013). ‘India: Financial Sector Assessment Program—Detailed Assessments Report on Basel Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision. ’ IMF Report No. 13/267, Washington, D. C.